Ben Creisler
Some recent non-dino papers:
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Elizabeth HÃfling & Anick Abourachid (2020)
The skin of birds' feet: Morphological adaptations of the plantar surface.
Journal of Morphology (advance online publication)
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21284https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.21284The skin of the foot provides the interface between the bird and the substrate. The foot morphology involves the bone shape and the integument that is in contact with the substrate. The podotheca is a layer of keratinized epidermis forming scales that extends from the tarsometatarsus to the toe extremities. It varies in size, shape, amount of overlap and interacts with the degree of fusion of the toes (syndactyly). A study of toe shape and the podotheca provides insights on the adaptations of perching birds. Our analysis is based on microâCT scans and scanning electron microscopy images of 21 species from 17 families, and includes examples with different orientations of the toes: zygodactyl (toes II and III forward), anisodactyl (toes II, III, and IV forward), and heterodactyl (toes III and IV forward). We show that in these three groups, the skin forms part of a perching adaptation that involves syndactyly to different degrees. However, syndactyly does not occur in Psittacidae that use their toes also for food manipulation. The syndactyly increases the sole surface and may reinforce adherence with the substrate. Scale shape and toe orientation are involved in functional adaptations to perch. Thus, both bone and skin features combine to form a pincerâlike foot.
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Pleurosternidae is a clade of North American and European Mesozoic turtles known from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. The knowledge about the European record of this group has significantly being improved during the last decade, both by the description of new taxa as well as by the detailed study of several poorly known members. However, phylogenetic relationships within this clade still generate controversy, due to the scarce available information on several representatives. In that regard, the problematic âPleurosternon portlandicumâ is currently the worst known European pleurosternid. This taxon is represented by a single and partially preserved shell, from the Tithonian (Upper Jurassic) of the Isle of Portland (United Kingdom). Relatively limited information is provided by this individual, exclusively known in ventral view. In this study, the characters used by previous authors to distinguish "Pleurosternon portlandicum" from the type species of the genus Pleurosternon (i.e., Pleurosternon bullockii) are revised in detail given the intraspecific variation we recognized for the study of a large collection of adult specimens of Pleurosternon bullockii. In this way, both the specific validity of "Pleurosternon portlandicum" and its attribution to the genus Pleurosternon are evaluated. As a consequence, the validity of this species cannot be supported, being recognized as a senior synonym of the type species. Thus, Pleurosternon bullockii is identified not only as restricted to the lowermost Cretaceous (Berriasian) but its present during the Upper Jurassic (Tithonian) is demonstrated, not only being recognized in the Tithonian record of Great Britain but also in that of France.
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Emily J. Lessner & Casey M. Holliday (2020)
Cranial nerves are key features of the nervous system and vertebrate body plan. However, little is known about the anatomical relationships and ontogeny of cranial nerves in crocodylians and other reptiles, hampering understanding of adaptations, evolution, and development of special senses, somatosensation, and motor control of cranial organs. Here we share three dimensional (3D) models an of the cranial nerves and cranial nerve targets of embryonic, juvenile, and adult American Alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) derived from iodineâcontrast CT imaging, for the first time, exploring anatomical patterns of cranial nerves across ontogeny. These data reveal the tradeoffs of using contrastâenhanced CT data as well as patterns in growth and development of the alligator cranial nervous system. Though contrastâenhanced CT scanning allows for reconstruction of numerous tissue types in a nonâdestructive manner, it is still limited by size and resolution. The position of alligator cranial nerves varies little with respect to other cranial structures yet grow at different rates as the skull elongates. These data constrain timing of trigeminal and sympathetic ganglion fusion and reveal morphometric differences in nerve size and path during growth. As demonstrated by these data, alligator cranial nerve morphology is useful in understanding patterns of neurological diversity and distribution, evolution of sensory and muscular innervation, and developmental homology of cranial regions, which in turn, lead to inferences of physiology and behavior.
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Anthony P. Russell & Aaron M. Bauer (2020)
Vocalization by extant nonâavian reptiles: a synthetic overview of phonation and the vocal apparatus.
The Anatomical Record (advance online publication)
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24553https://anatomypubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.24553Among amniote vertebrates, nonâavian reptiles (chelonians, crocodilians and lepidosaurs) are regarded as using vocal signals rarely (compared to birds and mammals). In all three reptilian clades, however, certain taxa emit distress calls and advertisement calls using modifications of regions of the upper respiratory tract. There is no central tendency in either acoustic mechanisms or the structure of the vocal apparatus, and many taxa that vocalize emit only relatively simple sounds. Available evidence indicates multiple origins of true vocal abilities within these lineages. Reptiles thus provide opportunities for studying the early evolutionary stages of vocalization. The early literature on the diversity of form of the laryngotracheal apparatus of reptiles boded well for the study of formâfunction relationships, but this potential was not extensively explored. Emphasis shifted away from anatomy, however, and centered instead on acoustic analysis of the sounds that are produced. New investigative techniques have provided novel ways of studying the formâfunction aspects of the structures involved in phonation and have brought anatomical investigation to the forefront again. In this review we summarize what is known about hearing in reptiles in order to contextualize the vocal signals they generate and the soundâproducing mechanisms responsible for them. The diversity of form of the sound producing apparatus and the increasing evidence that reptiles are more dependent upon vocalization as a communication medium than previously thought indicates that they have a significant role to play in the understanding of the evolution of vocalization in amniotes.