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[dinosaur] Cassowary syrinx, hyoid and larynx + jawed vertebrate timetree + Late Triassic Bristol fissure + dino crabs




Ben Creisler
bcreisler@gmail.com

Some recent non-dino papers that may be of interest:

Free pdf:

Phoebe L. McInerney, Michael S. Y. Lee, Alice M. Clement & Trevor H. Worthy (2019)
The phylogenetic significance of the morphology of the syrinx, hyoid and larynx, of the southern cassowary, Casuarius casuarius (Aves, Palaeognathae).
BMC Evolutionary Biology 19, Article number: 233
doi: Âhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-019-1544-7
https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-019-1544-7

Free pdf:
https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12862-019-1544-7


Background

Palaeognathae is a basal clade within Aves and include the large and flightless ratites and the smaller, volant tinamous. Although much research has been conducted on various aspects of palaeognath morphology, ecology, and evolutionary history, there are still areas which require investigation. This study aimed to fill gaps in our knowledge of the Southern Cassowary, Casuarius casuarius, for which information on the skeletal systems of the syrinx, hyoid and larynx is lacking - despite these structures having been recognised as performing key functional roles associated with vocalisation, respiration and feeding. Previous research into the syrinx and hyoid have also indicated these structures to be valuable for determining evolutionary relationships among neognath taxa, and thus suggest they would also be informative for palaeognath phylogenetic analyses, which still exhibits strong conflict between morphological and molecular trees.

Results

The morphology of the syrinx, hyoid and larynx of C. casuarius is described from CT scans. The syrinx is of the simple tracheo-bronchial syrinx type, lacking specialised elements such as the pessulus; the hyoid is relatively short with longer ceratobranchials compared to epibranchials; and the larynx is comprised of entirely cartilaginous, standard avian anatomical elements including a concave, basin-like cricoid and fused cricoid wings. As in the larynx, both the syrinx and hyoid lack ossification and all three structures were most similar to Dromaius. We documented substantial variation across palaeognaths in the skeletal character states of the syrinx, hyoid, and larynx, using both the literature and novel observations (e.g. of C. casuarius). Notably, new synapomorphies linking Dinornithiformes and Tinamidae are identified, consistent with the molecular evidence for this clade. These shared morphological character traits include the ossification of the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages, and an additional cranial character, the articulation between the maxillary process of the nasal and the maxilla.

Conclusion

Syrinx, hyoid and larynx characters of palaeognaths display greater concordance with molecular trees than do other morphological traits. These structures might therefore be less prone to homoplasy related to flightlessness and gigantism, compared to typical morphological traits emphasised in previous phylogenetic studies.

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Free pdf:

Giovanni Mussini, David I. Whiteside, Claudia Hildebrandt & Michael J. Benton (2019)
Anatomy of a Late Triassic Bristol fissure: Tytherington fissure 2.
Proceedings of the Geologists' Association (advance online publication)
doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.12.001
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016787819301415


Free pdf:
https://cpb-eu-w2.wpmucdn.com/blogs.bristol.ac.uk/dist/6/525/files/2019/12/2020Mussini.pdfÂÂ



The Late Triassic and Early Jurassic fissures around Bristol and South Wales are famous as sources of excellent fossils of early mammals, dinosaurs, sphenodontians, and other tetrapods. However, the ways in which these fissures filled with sediment have not often been documented. Moreover, systematic faunal sampling up a working face exposure has rarely been attempted for the UK Triassic fissures. Here we show in detail how a complex fissure in Tytherington Quarry, north-east of Bristol, filled in multiple steps, and document both sedimentary facies and faunas. Tytherington Quarry is a key Late Triassic Bristol sauropsid fissure site, having previously yielded abundant Thecodontosaurus remains and a new genus of sphenodontian, Diphydontosaurus. Our findings comprise specimens of terrestrial reptiles, including sphenodontians and archosaurs. However, abundant remains of fishes and marine invertebrates were also recovered, indicating a significant marine influence during parts of the fissure-filling process. Comparisons of our results with those of previous studies on Tytherington and other Late Triassic SW UK fissure sites indicate some consistent patterns of faunal association and provide further evidence of a Rhaetian age for the Late Triassic palaeo-island fissures north of Bristol. Our analysis supports a model of fissure formation and filling entailing punctuated episodes of sedimentation through a relatively short time.

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Free pdf:

David Marjanovic (2019)
Recalibrating the transcriptomic timetree of jawed vertebrates.
bioRxiv 2019.12.19.882829 (preprint)
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2019.12.19.882829
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.882829v1

Free pdf:
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2019.12.19.882829v1.full.pdf

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Molecular divergence dating has the potential to overcome the incompleteness of the fossil record in inferring when cladogenetic events (splits, divergences) happened, but needs to be calibrated by the fossil record. Ideally but unrealistically, this would require practitioners to be specialists in molecular evolution, in the phylogeny and the fossil record of all sampled taxa, and in the chronostratigraphy of the sites the fossils were found in. Paleontologists have therefore tried to help by publishing compendia of recommended calibrations, and molecular biologists unfamiliar with the fossil record have made heavy use of such works. Using a recent example of a large timetree inferred from molecular data, I demonstrate that calibration dates cannot be taken from published compendia without risking strong distortions to the results, because compendia become outdated faster than they are published. The present work cannot serve as such a compendium either; in the slightly longer term, it can only highlight known and overlooked problems. Future authors will need to solve each of these problems anew through a thorough search of the primary paleobiological and chronostratigraphic literature on each calibration date every time they infer a new timetree; over 40% of the sources I cite were published after mid-2016. Treating all calibrations as soft bounds results in younger nodes than treating all calibrations as hard bounds. The unexpected exception are nodes calibrated with both minimum and maximum ages, further demonstrating the widely underestimated importance of maximum ages in divergence dating.



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Also:

Ninon Robin, Barry W. M. van Bakel, MatÃÅ HyÅnÃ, Aude Cincotta, GÃraldine Garcia, Sylvain Charbonnier, Pascal Godefroit & Xavier Valentin Â(2019)
The oldest freshwater crabs: claws on dinosaur bones.
Scientific Reports Â9, Article number: 20220
doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56180-w
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56180-w

Free pdf:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-56180-w.pdf

With approximately 1,500 extant species, freshwater crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura) are among the most diverse decapod crustaceans. Nevertheless, their fossil record is extremely limited: only Potamidae, Potamonautidae and Trichodactylidae are reported up to the Eocene of the Neotropics so far. This work documents unusually large decapod claws from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) continental deposits of Velaux and vicinity (southern France), in close association with large vertebrate remains. In addition to (1) the systematic assignment of these claws, the study addresses (2) the salinity trends in the deposit environment from its faunal assemblage and the elementary chemical patterns of fossils, and (3) the likely scenario for their auto/allochthony in the Velaux fluvial system. These claws belong to a new taxon, Dinocarcinus velauciensis n. gen. n. sp., referred to as Portunoidea sensu lato, a group of "true" crabs nowadays linked to marine systems. However, the faunal assemblage, the claw taphonomy and the carbonates Y/Ho signatures support their ancient freshwater/terrestrial ecology, making them the oldest reported continental brachyurans and extending the presence of crabs in freshwater environments by 40âMa. Either as primary or as secondary freshwater crabs, the occurrence of these portunoids in Velaux is an evidence for the independent colonizations of continental environments by multiple brachyuran clades over time, as early as the Campanian.